A key question in this growing field is to provide rigorous conditions under which latent factors can be identified and thus, potentially learned.

Such causal graphs delineate the relations among alarms and can significantly aid engineers in identifying and rectifying faults. However, existing methods either ignore the topological relationships among devices or suffer from relatively low scalability and efficiency, failing to deliver high-quality responses in a timely manner.

Therefore, it's important to study whether we can and also how to

A key question in this growing field is to provide rigorous conditions under which latent factors can be identified and thus, potentially learned.